|
"The Tyranny of Structurelessness" is an influential essay by American feminist Jo Freeman inspired by her experiences in a 1960s women's liberation group that concerns power relations within radical feminist collectives.〔Alice Echols, Ellen Willis, (''Daring to be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967-1975'' ), University of Minnesota Press, 67, 1989 ISBN 0-8166-1787-2, ISBN 978-0-8166-1787-6〕 The essay reflected on the experiments of the feminist movement in resisting the idea of leaders and even discarding any structure or division of labor. However, as Hilary Wainwright wrote in Zmag, Freeman described how "this apparent lack of structure too often disguised an informal, unacknowledged and unaccountable leadership that was all the more pernicious because its very existence was denied." As a solution, Freeman suggests formalizing the existing hierarchies in the group and subjecting them to democratic control. The phrase has been used to describe one problem in organizing, the other being "rigidity of structure," according to ecofeminist Starhawk.〔Starhawk, (Power and Anarchy ), (The Awakened Woman ), August 19, 2004〕 In 2008 "Community Development Journal" reviewed the article as a "classic text" which editors felt had influenced the practice of community development.〔Rosie Meade, (Classic Texts: no. 11, Jo Freeman. The Tyranny of Structurelessness (c. 1972), "Community Development Journal" published by Oxford Unity Press, December 9, 2008. )〕 That year a John F. Kennedy School of Government course used the paper in a course on leadership.〔((PAL-101) "Exercising Leadership: Mobilizing Group Resources" General Course Information ), John F. Kennedy School of Government, Fall 208.〕 Some anarchists have objected to Freeman's analysis because it also has been applied to some anarchist organizing. Howard J. Ehrlich discussed the negative impact of the article on anarchist organizing in ''Reinventing Anarchy, Again.''〔Howard J. Ehrlich, (''Reinventing Anarchy, Again'' ), AK Press, 1996, 178-179 ISBN 1-873176-88-0, ISBN 978-1-873176-88-7〕 Cathy Levine wrote a 1979 rejoinder "The Tyranny of Tyranny." In a review of the essay for ''Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed'', Jason McQuinn noted its popularity among leftist and platformist anarchists, describing the essay as an "incomprehensibly unreal and illogical stab at sociology by a paranoid schizophrenic".〔]〕 __NOTOC__ == Publication history == The essay originated as a speech given to the Southern Female Rights Union at a conference in Beulah, Mississippi in May 1970. Freeman has stated that it was transcribed in 1971 for the feminist magazine ''Notes from the Third Year'' (whose editors chose not to include it) and submitted to several women's liberation movement publications, only one of which sought her permission to publish it. Other outlets published it without asking, and it was first officially published in the journal ''The Second Wave'' in 1972. It was issued in pamphlet form by Agitprop in 1972, and later by the Organisation of Revolutionary Anarchists, Leeds Group, United Kingdom. In 1973 the author published different versions in the ''Berkeley Journal of Sociology'' and in ''Ms.'' magazine. It also was published in ''Radical Feminism'' by Anne Koedt, Ellen Levine, and Anita Rapone.〔Anne Koedt, Ellen Levine, and Anita Rapone, ''Radical Feminism'', Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co.. 1975, 282-288.〕 Later printings included that of the Anarchist Workers' Association (Kingston Group), and in 1984 in a pamphlet called "Untying the Knot - Feminism, Anarchism & Organisation" jointly published by Dark Star Press and Rebel Press (printed by Aldgate Press). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「The Tyranny of Structurelessness」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|